若 、,且分母最终非零,则由大数律公理库强大数定律Law of large numbers · Strong law of large numbers · SLLN独立同分布且可积时,样本均值沿几乎每条无限样本路径收敛到共同期望。和连续映射, 几乎必然成立。有限 时,比率通常有偏;即使原始分子、分母分别无偏,随机变量之比也不是比值的无偏估计。若
权重有效样本量 把集中程度压成一个数,适合触发重采样或比较提议。它不是误差定理:相同权重可对应遗漏一个模态的整批样本。序贯 Monte Carlo 正是反复执行增量加权和归一化,并在权重退化后重采样;可靠实现仍需保留对数权重、归一化常数增量和祖先信息,以便检查数值稳定性与路径退化。
参考资料
Christian P. Robert and George Casella, Monte Carlo Statistical Methods, 2nd ed., Springer, 2004, §3.3, importance sampling with unknown normalizing constants.
Art B. Owen, Monte Carlo Theory, Methods and Examples, 2013, §9.2, self-normalized importance sampling.
A. B. Kong, J. S. Liu, and W. H. Wong, “Sequential Imputations and Bayesian Missing Data Problems,” Journal of the American Statistical Association 89(425), 1994, pp. 278–288.