弱平稳使自协方差函数公理库自协方差函数Autocovariance function · ACVF以滞后为自变量记录弱平稳过程两个时点之间协方差的函数。可以只以滞后 为自变量,归一化后得到自相关函数公理库自相关函数Autocorrelation function · ACF将自协方差按零滞后方差归一化后得到的无量纲滞后依赖函数。。所有有限线性组合的方差非负,强迫 非负定,即相应协方差矩阵半正定;这不只是漂亮性质,也是判断一串候选协方差能否来自真实过程的约束。若 ,长期均值方差可由协方差和控制,并可定义连续谱密度。
Peter Bartlett, Introduction to Time Series Analysis, UC Berkeley STAT 153, 2010,Lecture 4,自协方差半正定性及样本均值的均方收敛。
Peter J. Brockwell and Richard A. Davis, Time Series: Theory and Methods, 2nd ed., Springer, 1991,§§1.3 and 1.5,stationarity, strict stationarity, and autocovariance functions。
James D. Hamilton, Time Series Analysis, Princeton University Press, 1994,§3.1,expectations, stationarity, and ergodicity。
Robert H. Shumway and David S. Stoffer, Time Series Analysis and Its Applications, 4th ed., Springer, 2017,§§1.3–1.4,stationarity and dependence measures。